NASA set to deliver biggest asteroid sample yet: What you need to know

Planet Earth is about to receive a special delivery — the biggest sample yet from an asteroid.

A United States space agency (NASA) spacecraft will fly by Earth on Sunday and drop off what is expected to be at least a cupful of rubble it grabbed from the asteroid Bennu, closing out a seven-year quest.

The sample capsule will parachute into the Utah desert as its mothership, the OSIRIS-REx spacecraft, zooms off for an encounter with another asteroid.

Scientists anticipate getting about 250g (0.5lb) of pebbles and dust, much more than the teaspoon or so brought back by Japan from two other asteroids.

No other country has fetched pieces of asteroids, preserved time capsules from the dawn of our solar system that can help explain how Earth — and life — came to be.

Sunday’s landing concludes a 6.4-billion-km (four billion-mile) journey highlighted by the rendezvous with the carbon-rich Bennu, a unique pogo-stick-style touchdown and sample grab, a jammed lid that sent some of the stash spilling into space, and now the return of NASA’s first asteroid samples.

“I ask myself how many heart-pounding moments can you have in one lifetime because I feel like I might be hitting my limit,” said the University of Arizona’s Dante Lauretta, the mission’s lead scientist.

Here’s all you need to know about the spacecraft and its cargo:

When did OSIRIS-REx blast off?

Asteroid chaser OSIRIS-REx set off on the $1bn mission in 2016. It arrived at Bennu in 2018 and spent the next two years flying around the small spinning space rock and scouting out the best place to grab samples.

Three years ago, the spacecraft – whose full name is Origins, Spectral Interpretation, Resource Identification, Security-Regolith Explorer (OSIRIS-REx) – swooped in and reached out with its 3.35m (11-foot) stick vacuum, momentarily touching the asteroid’s surface and sucking up dust and pebbles.

The device pressed down with such force and grabbed so much that rocks became wedged around the rim of the lid. As samples drifted off into space, Lauretta and his team scrambled to get the remaining material into the capsule.

The exact amount inside won’t be known until the container is opened.

What do we know about the asteroid, Bennu?

Discovered in 1999, Bennu is believed to be a remnant of a much larger asteroid that collided with another space rock.

It is barely half a kilometre (0.3 mile) wide, roughly the height of the Empire State Building in New York City, and its black rugged surface is packed with boulders.

Roundish in shape like a spinning top, Bennu orbits the sun every 14 months, while rotating every four hours. Scientists believe Bennu holds leftovers from the solar system’s formation 4.5 billion years ago.

It may come dangerously close and strike Earth on September 24, 2182 — exactly 159 years after the asteroid’s first pieces arrive. OSIRIS-REx’s up-close study can help humanity figure out how to deflect Bennu if needed, Lauretta said.

When will the sample be released?

OSIRIS-REx will release the sample capsule from 102,000km (63,000 miles) out, four hours before it is due to touch down at the US Department of Defense’s Utah Test and Training Range on Sunday morning.

The release command will come from spacecraft builder Lockheed Martin’s control centre in Colorado. Soon afterward, the mother ship will steer away and take off to explore another asteroid.

Once everything is deemed safe, the capsule will be hustled by helicopter to a makeshift clean lab at the range. The next morning, a plane will carry the sealed container full of rubble to Houston, home to NASA’s Johnson Space Center. NASA is livestreaming the touchdown.

Where will it be studied?

A new lab at Johnson will be limited to the Bennu rubble to avoid cross-contamination with other collections, said NASA curator Kevin Righter.

Building 31 already holds the moon rocks brought back by the Apollo astronauts from 1969 through 1972, as well as comet dust and specks of solar wind collected during two previous missions and Mars meteorites found in Antarctica.

The asteroid samples will be handled inside nitrogen-purging glove boxes by staff in head-to-toe clean room suits. NASA plans a splashy public reveal of Bennu’s riches on October 11.

Are other asteroid missions under way?

This fall is what NASA is calling Asteroid Autumn, with three asteroid missions marking major milestones.

The OSIRIS-REx touchdown will be followed by the launch of another asteroid hunter on October 5. Both the NASA spacecraft and its target — a metal asteroid — are named Psyche.

Then a month later, NASA’s Lucy spacecraft will encounter its first asteroid since soaring from Cape Canaveral, Florida, in 2021. Lucy will swoop past Dinkinesh in the main asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter on November 1.

It will be a warmup for Lucy’s unprecedented tour of the so-called Trojans, swarms of asteroids that shadow Jupiter around the sun.

Neither Psyche nor Lucy will collect souvenirs, nor will OSIRIS-REx on its next assignment, to explore the asteroid Apophis in 2029.

Has NASA delivered asteroid samples before?

This is NASA’s third sample return from deep space, not counting the hundreds of kilogrammes of moon rocks gathered by the Apollo astronauts.

The agency’s first robotic sample grab ended with a bang in 2004. The capsule bearing solar wind particles slammed into the Utah desert and shattered, compromising its content.

Two years later, a US capsule with comet dust landed intact.

Japan’s first asteroid sample mission returned microscopic grains from asteroid Itokawa in 2010. Its second trip yielded about 5g — a teaspoon or so— from the asteroid Ryugu in 2020.

The Soviet Union transported moon samples to Earth during the 1970s, and China returned lunar material in 2020.